A huge security Approach: Towards Human, Gender, and Environmental Security
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This scarcity is increased by wasting resources, invested in armament. Only 17 billion US dollars would feed everybody in the world during one year. The same amount is spent in one week on the military, a typical example of waste that creates artificial scarcity. Further, gift giving by big ‘exchange-ego’ in the form of aid from industrialized countries to developing ones is not functioning, due to the strings imposed by the donors which often impoverish the poor countries 4The term was originally coined by Françoise d’Eaubonne (1974) as a philosophy and a social movement emerging from the union of feminists and environmentalists. It was related to eco-anarchism and bioregional democracy with a strong involvement of feminism and deep feminism. According to Warren (1997: 218): “Since 1974, ecofeminism has surfaced throughout the globe in the form of both women-initiated, grass-roots environmental actions and interdisciplinary perspectives on the inextricable interconnections among human systems of unjustified domination – both of humans and earth others. The distinctiveness of ecofeminism, then, is that it is a feminist environmentalism and an environmental feminism.” See also Eaton/Lorentzen (2003) on the debate in the US, Brazil, and Japan on aspects of the relationship between ecofeminism and globalization. 5 Margret Thatcher proposed in the 1980’s her ‘TINA’ (There is No Alternative, Mies 1988) concept. Confronted with regressive globalization, alternative processes of transversal, multi-local, and decentralized efforts are undertaken in the sense of TAMA: There Are Many Alternatives (Oswald 2008). 6Altermundism is the self-defined term of the networks of different social movements working with the slogan: ‘another world is possible’. 7“G-8 Meeting in Heiligendamm, Germany on 8 June 2007”; at: <http://www.g-8.de/ Webs/G8/ EN/G8Summit/SummitDocuments/summit-documents.html >. 8 The concept of sustainability, as a base of ES, had from the Brundtland Report on a clear social component. 9 Women generate among 60 to 80 per cent of the food in poor homes, and half of the world’s food requirements. In Mexico only 17 per cent of women own land property or have access to agrarian land rights. In Africa women in agriculture represent 33 per cent of the labour force, 70 per cent of the rural daily wages, 60-80 per cent of the subsistence, 100 per cent of the transformation of food, 80 per cent of food storage, 90 per cent of weaving and 60 per cent of the activities of the market, but they only own 2 per cent of communal land rights (FAO 2002). 10 Through the HUGE concept the patriarchal, violent, and exclusive structures within the family and society are scrutinized and focused to overcome the consolidated gender discrimination, where an alternative ‘femininity’ and ‘masculinity’ establish a field of experimentation, based on equality and mutual cooperation. 11 Immediate and efficient support for isolated regions affected by social and natural disasters could prevent long-term effects such as famine and violent conflicts (Denov 2005). |